{"id":1466,"date":"2026-09-24T00:19:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T00:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/luliancable.com\/partial-discharge-10pc-explained\/"},"modified":"2026-10-12T04:00:51","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T04:00:51","slug":"partial-discharge-10pc-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luliancable.com\/ar\/partial-discharge-10pc-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"Partial discharge: what 10 pC means and how it is measured"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lllv\">\n<!-- LL-CRUMBS --><\/p>\n<style>.ll-crumbs{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:16px 24px 0;font-size:13px;color:#5b6673}.ll-crumbs a{color:#E30613;text-decoration:none}.ll-crumbs a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ll-crumbs .breadcrumb_last,.ll-crumbs strong{color:#101720;font-weight:600}<\/style>\n<nav class=\"ll-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/luliancable.com\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/nav>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a701 \u2014 INSULATION QUALITY<\/p>\n<p class=\"note\">Published 2026-09-24 \u00b7 Engineering note<\/p>\n<p>Ask a cable supplier for test data and you will usually get a withstand test result. That test tells you the insulation did not break down at the applied voltage for five minutes. It does not tell you whether there is a void inside the insulation that will grow for the next fifteen years. Partial discharge measurement is what covers that gap, which is why it is a routine test on every length of medium voltage cable rather than a sample test.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a702 \u2014 THE PHENOMENON<\/p>\n<h2>Discharge that does not bridge the insulation<\/h2>\n<p>Partial discharge is an electrical discharge that occurs within or on the surface of an insulation system without completely bridging the electrodes. It happens where the local electric field exceeds the breakdown strength of a small volume \u2014 most often a gas-filled cavity in the insulation, a sharp protrusion on a semi-conductive screen, or contamination at an interface.<\/p>\n<p>Each discharge transfers a small amount of charge, measured in picocoulombs. The damage per event is negligible. The problem is that the discharge erodes the cavity wall, the cavity grows, and the process accelerates: this is the mechanism behind electrical treeing, and it ends in breakdown. A cable that passes a withstand test with an active discharge site is a cable with a known failure mechanism installed in it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a703 \u2014 THE LIMIT<\/p>\n<h2>Why 10 pC at 1.73 U\u2080<\/h2>\n<p>IEC 60502-2 requires a routine partial discharge test on every length of medium voltage cable, with the discharge magnitude not exceeding 10 pC at a test voltage of 1.73 U\u2080. The 1.73 is \u221a3, so the test voltage is the phase-to-phase voltage of the system, applied to the insulation that normally sees phase-to-earth voltage.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Voltage class<\/th>\n<th>U\u2080 (kV)<\/th>\n<th>PD test voltage 1.73 U\u2080 (kV)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.6\/6 kV<\/td>\n<td>3.6<\/td>\n<td>6.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6\/10 kV<\/td>\n<td>6.0<\/td>\n<td>10.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6.35\/11 kV<\/td>\n<td>6.35<\/td>\n<td>11.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8.7\/15 kV<\/td>\n<td>8.7<\/td>\n<td>15.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12\/20 kV<\/td>\n<td>12.0<\/td>\n<td>20.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19\/33 kV<\/td>\n<td>19.0<\/td>\n<td>32.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>26\/35 kV<\/td>\n<td>26.0<\/td>\n<td>45.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"note\">Test voltage is 1.73 times U\u2080, the rated phase-to-earth voltage. The 10 pC limit is the routine test requirement for the constructions covered by IEC 60502-2.<\/p>\n<p>Why 10 pC rather than zero? At some level every measurement system has noise, and no <a href=\"\/cable-manufacturing-process\">manufacturing process<\/a> is perfectly void-free. Ten picocoulombs is the level that experience has shown can be achieved consistently by a controlled process while remaining low enough to exclude defects that would grow. It is a process capability limit as much as an electrical one.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a704 \u2014 MEASUREMENT<\/p>\n<h2>How the number is obtained<\/h2>\n<p>The test methods are set out in IEC 60270. In practice the length under test is energised at 1.73 U\u2080, held while the discharge activity is measured, then the voltage is reduced and the measurement repeated to confirm the reading is repeatable rather than a transient artefact. The measurement is calibrated by injecting a known charge pulse at the start of the test, so the picocoulomb figure is traceable to the calibration rather than being an instrument reading.<\/p>\n<div class=\"grid3\">\n<div class=\"card\">\n<div class=\"num\">SOURCE 01<\/div>\n<h3>Cavities in the insulation<\/h3>\n<p>Gas pockets trapped during extrusion or formed by shrinkage. Controlled by compound quality, temperature profile and degassing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<div class=\"num\">SOURCE 02<\/div>\n<h3>Screen protrusions<\/h3>\n<p>Sharp points or irregularities on the conductor screen or insulation screen concentrate the field. The reason triple extrusion matters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<div class=\"num\">SOURCE 03<\/div>\n<h3>Interfaces and terminations<\/h3>\n<p>Contamination at layer boundaries, and \u2014 at site level \u2014 poorly made terminations and joints. A cable can pass in the factory and discharge after installation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a705 \u2014 WHAT IT TELLS A BUYER<\/p>\n<h2>Reading the number<\/h2>\n<p>A routine PD test result on every length is a statement about process control. Three-layer simultaneous extrusion \u2014 conductor screen, insulation and insulation screen applied in one pass without an intermediate interface exposed to air \u2014 is the main construction measure that keeps cavity and protrusion sources under control. Without it, the interfaces between separately applied layers are the weak point, and the PD result reflects that.<\/p>\n<p>The number to ask for is the measured value, not a pass statement. A length that measures 2 pC and one that measures 9.9 pC both pass the standard, and they do not represent the same manufacturing outcome. A plant that publishes measured values across a range of lengths is telling you something more useful than one that publishes a tick.<\/p>\n<p class=\"note\">Installation matters as much as manufacture. A factory-tested cable can discharge after a badly assembled termination or joint. The routine test result is evidence about the cable, not about the finished circuit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a706 \u2014 ORDERING<\/p>\n<h2>What to ask for<\/h2>\n<p>Ask for the routine test record for the actual lengths shipped, including the measured partial discharge value and the test voltage, not only the withstand result. Where a project specifies a tighter limit than the standard \u2014 some utilities do \u2014 state it in the enquiry so the test is planned and the lengths are allocated accordingly.<\/p>\n<p>Construction and routine test detail for the 6.35\/11 kV class is on the <a href=\"\/products\/medium-high-voltage-cable\/11kv-xlpe-cable\/\">11 kV XLPE cable, routine tested to \u2264 10 pC<\/a>; the same test regime applies across the <a href=\"\/products\/medium-high-voltage-cable\/\">6\u201335 kV medium voltage range<\/a>. The layer arrangement that determines most of the PD performance is described on the <a href=\"\/products\/medium-high-voltage-cable\/\">medium voltage construction page<\/a>, and the wider test regime including flame and smoke performance is covered in the <a href=\"\/quality-certifications\/\">certificate and test documentation<\/a> section.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a707 \u2014 FAQ<\/p>\n<h2>Questions this raises<\/h2>\n<details>\n<summary>Is 10 pC the same limit for all voltage classes?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The requirement is expressed as a magnitude limit rather than a percentage of something else, so 10 pC applies across the classes covered. What changes with voltage is the test voltage: 11.0 kV for a 6.35\/11 kV cable, 45.0 kV for a 26\/35 kV cable. At higher voltages a given defect tends to produce a larger discharge, so the same limit is harder to achieve, which is why higher-voltage construction and process control are more demanding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does passing the PD test mean the cable will not fail in service?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>No. It means the length as tested contained no discharge site above 10 pC at 1.73 U\u2080, which excludes the most likely manufacturing defects. Failures in service are usually traced to installation \u2014 terminations, joints, mechanical damage, water ingress at a damaged sheath \u2014 rather than to a defect that passed the routine test.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why is the test done at 1.73 U\u2080 rather than at the operating voltage?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Because a defect that is marginal at operating voltage needs a margin to be detectable and to represent a safety factor. \u221a3 is the ratio between phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth voltage, so testing at 1.73 U\u2080 stresses the insulation by the same factor that would appear if the system were to run at its highest phase-to-phase level relative to earth.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can I get the discharge value for each drum?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The test is a routine test on every length, so the records exist per length. Whether they are supplied per drum depends on the order agreement. For projects where the requirement is tight, specify that the measured value for each length is to be included in the test documentation, and check that what arrives matches what was ordered.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What about the withstand test \u2014 is it still needed?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Yes, they check different things. The withstand test applies 3.5 U\u2080 for five minutes and confirms the insulation does not break down under overvoltage. The PD test detects defects that do not break down but would grow. A cable with an active void passes the withstand and fails the intent of a good insulation system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- LL-FAQ-SCHEMA --><br \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is 10 pC the same limit for all voltage classes?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The requirement is expressed as a magnitude limit rather than a percentage of something else, so 10 pC applies across the classes covered. What changes with voltage is the test voltage: 11.0 kV for a 6.35\/11 kV cable, 45.0 kV for a 26\/35 kV cable. At higher voltages a given defect tends to produce a larger discharge, so the same limit is harder to achieve, which is why higher-voltage construction and process control are more demanding.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does passing the PD test mean the cable will not fail in service?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. It means the length as tested contained no discharge site above 10 pC at 1.73 U\u2080, which excludes the most likely manufacturing defects. Failures in service are usually traced to installation \u2014 terminations, joints, mechanical damage, water ingress at a damaged sheath \u2014 rather than to a defect that passed the routine test.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why is the test done at 1.73 U\u2080 rather than at the operating voltage?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because a defect that is marginal at operating voltage needs a margin to be detectable and to represent a safety factor. \u221a3 is the ratio between phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth voltage, so testing at 1.73 U\u2080 stresses the insulation by the same factor that would appear if the system were to run at its highest phase-to-phase level relative to earth.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can I get the discharge value for each drum?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The test is a routine test on every length, so the records exist per length. Whether they are supplied per drum depends on the order agreement. For projects where the requirement is tight, specify that the measured value for each length is to be included in the test documentation, and check that what arrives matches what was ordered.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What about the withstand test \u2014 is it still needed?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes, they check different things. The withstand test applies 3.5 U\u2080 for five minutes and confirms the insulation does not break down under overvoltage. The PD test detects defects that do not break down but would grow. A cable with an active void passes the withstand and fails the intent of a good insulation system.\"}}]}<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A 10 pC limit appears in almost every medium voltage specification, but test houses do not all measure it the same way. What the number covers, how the test is set up, and where the results get thin.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1421,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Partial Discharge: What 10 pC Means | MV Cable | Lulian<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What 10 pC means in partial discharge testing: measurement per IEC 60885-3, why PD matters for XLPE cable, pass criteria and how factory PD testing protects your project.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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