{"id":1463,"date":"2026-09-24T00:19:42","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T00:19:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/luliancable.com\/voltage-drop-medium-voltage-feeder\/"},"modified":"2026-09-28T07:04:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T07:04:40","slug":"voltage-drop-medium-voltage-feeder","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luliancable.com\/ru\/voltage-drop-medium-voltage-feeder\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltage drop on medium voltage feeders: a worked 11 kV example"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lllv\">\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a701 \u2014 FEEDER DESIGN<\/p>\n<p class=\"note\">Published 2026-09-24 \u00b7 Engineering note<\/p>\n<p>On short medium voltage runs the conductor is chosen by current-carrying capacity. On long runs it is almost always chosen by voltage drop instead, and the two answer can differ by two or three size steps. A 185 mm\u00b2 copper cable that carries 300 A comfortably over 400 metres will fail a voltage drop check at 10 kilometres.<\/p>\n<p>This note works through the arithmetic for an 11 kV feeder so you can see where the limit comes from, and what the practical options are when the cable alone cannot solve it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a702 \u2014 THE FORMULA<\/p>\n<h2>Three-phase voltage drop<\/h2>\n<p>For a balanced three-phase load:<\/p>\n<p class=\"note\">\u0394U = \u221a3 \u00d7 I \u00d7 L \u00d7 (R\u00b7cos \u03c6 + X\u00b7sin \u03c6)<\/p>\n<p>\u0394U is the line-to-line voltage drop in volts, I is the load current in amperes, L the route length in kilometres, R the conductor resistance at operating temperature in \u03a9\/km, X the reactance in \u03a9\/km. Taking the values at operating temperature rather than at 20 \u00b0C matters: for XLPE at 90 \u00b0C the resistance is roughly 1.27 times the 20 \u00b0C value.<\/p>\n<p>Reactance depends on conductor spacing and cable geometry. For three-core armoured cable in the 6\u201335 kV range a figure around 0.08 \u03a9\/km is a reasonable planning assumption; single-core cables in trefoil give a similar order. If the layout is unusual, ask for the design reactance rather than assuming.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a703 \u2014 WORKED EXAMPLE<\/p>\n<h2>10 km, 300 A, cos \u03c6 0.9, 11 kV<\/h2>\n<p>Conditions: three-core XLPE, copper conductor, 11 kV (U\u2080\/U = 6.35\/11 kV), conductor temperature 90 \u00b0C, X = 0.08 \u03a9\/km, cos \u03c6 0.9 (sin \u03c6 0.436). Resistance values are IEC 60228 class 2 maxima, converted to 90 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Conductor (mm\u00b2)<\/th>\n<th>R at 20 \u00b0C (\u03a9\/km)<\/th>\n<th>R at 90 \u00b0C (\u03a9\/km)<\/th>\n<th>\u0394U over 10 km (V)<\/th>\n<th>\u0394U (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>185<\/td>\n<td>0.0991<\/td>\n<td>0.126<\/td>\n<td>772<\/td>\n<td>7.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>240<\/td>\n<td>0.0754<\/td>\n<td>0.096<\/td>\n<td>631<\/td>\n<td>5.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>300<\/td>\n<td>0.0601<\/td>\n<td>0.077<\/td>\n<td>539<\/td>\n<td>4.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>400<\/td>\n<td>0.0470<\/td>\n<td>0.060<\/td>\n<td>461<\/td>\n<td>4.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"note\">Same conditions for all four sizes. \u0394U is line-to-line, so the percentage is taken against 11 000 V.<\/p>\n<p>The result is uncomfortable. Even 400 mm\u00b2 does not reach a 3 % drop over 10 km \u2014 it lands at 4.2 %. Going up a size helps, but the improvement from 185 to 400 mm\u00b2 is only about 40 %, while copper content roughly doubles. Beyond a certain point you are buying metal to overcome distance, which is the wrong lever.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a704 \u2014 WHAT ACTUALLY FIXES IT<\/p>\n<h2>Three levers, in order of cost<\/h2>\n<div class=\"grid3\">\n<div class=\"card\">\n<div class=\"num\">LEVER 01<\/div>\n<h3>Break the route<\/h3>\n<p>An intermediate switching station or a second infeed cuts the electrical length in half and the drop with it. Civil and switchgear cost is real, but it is usually cheaper than running 10 km of 400 mm\u00b2 and still missing the target.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<div class=\"num\">LEVER 02<\/div>\n<h3>Raise the voltage class<\/h3>\n<p>Moving the feeder to 33 kV for the same power cuts the current by a factor of three, and the drop by roughly the same proportion. This is why long rural feeders tend to be built at 33 kV and stepped down at the load.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<div class=\"num\">LEVER 03<\/div>\n<h3>Increase the section<\/h3>\n<p>Useful for the last few percent. Check the short-circuit withstand at the same time \u2014 a larger conductor changes the thermal duty and the screen requirement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Two checks that are easy to forget. First, the drop is calculated at maximum demand, which is not the same as the sum of connected load \u2014 applying diversity properly can remove the apparent need for a larger cable. Second, the operating temperature assumption matters: if the cable never actually reaches 90 \u00b0C, using 90 \u00b0C resistance overstates the drop, and using 20 \u00b0C understates it. State the assumption in the design record.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a705 \u2014 ORDERING<\/p>\n<h2>What to put in the enquiry<\/h2>\n<p>If you send an enquiry for a feeder like the one above, the supplier cannot quote correctly without the route length, the maximum demand current, the power factor, the system voltage and the earthing arrangement. Length also drives the drum plan: 10 km of three-core 400 mm\u00b2 cannot be delivered on one drum, so the joint positions become part of the design.<\/p>\n<p>Our <a href=\"\/ru\/products\/medium-high-voltage-cable\/\">medium voltage cable range from 6 kV to 35 kV<\/a> covers the sections used in this example. The <a href=\"\/ru\/products\/medium-high-voltage-cable\/11kv-xlpe-cable\/\">11 kV XLPE cable page<\/a> carries the full construction and test data for the 6.35\/11 kV class, and the <a href=\"\/ru\/projects\/typical-11kv-distribution-project-brief\/\">11 kV distribution application brief<\/a> walks through a 22 km urban case including the switching station decision.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"k\">\u00a706 \u2014 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/p>\n<h2>Questions this raises<\/h2>\n<details>\n<summary>Is 0.08 \u03a9\/km reactance accurate enough for design?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>For three-core armoured cable in this voltage range it is a reasonable planning figure and is commonly used at concept stage. Once the cable construction is fixed, use the manufacturer&#8217;s published reactance for the detailed calculation. The difference between 0.07 and 0.10 \u03a9\/km changes the result by roughly 5 % at cos \u03c6 0.9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why is resistance quoted at 90 \u00b0C rather than 20 \u00b0C?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Because the conductor is at operating temperature when the drop matters. XLPE is rated for a 90 \u00b0C continuous conductor temperature, and copper resistance rises by about 0.39 % per degree, so the 20 \u00b0C tabulated value understates the drop by around 27 %.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can aluminium be used instead of copper?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Yes, but aluminium resistivity is about 1.64 times copper, so you need roughly two size steps more to reach the same resistance. On a voltage-drop-limited feeder that is usually uneconomic; on a shorter feeder where ampacity governs, aluminium is often the right answer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does the drop limit apply to the cable or to the whole feeder?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>To the whole feeder, including transformers, joints and any series equipment. The cable calculation above is only the cable share. If the total feeder budget is 3 % and the cable takes 4.2 %, resizing the cable alone will not get you there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How does this change for single-core cable?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Reactance is lower because the conductors are closer in trefoil than in a three-core laid-up assembly, typically enough to reduce the reactive term by 10\u201320 %. Resistance is unchanged for the same section. Single-core armoured cables also need a non-magnetic armour such as aluminium wire, which is a separate selection point.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Voltage drop on a medium voltage feeder is rarely what decides the conductor size \u2014 until the circuit gets long. Worked through at 10 km with the cable data a supplier should give you.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1283,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1463","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>MV Feeder Voltage Drop: Worked 11 kV Example | Lulian<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Worked 11 kV example: calculate voltage drop on a medium voltage feeder step by step - conductor impedance, load current, distance and acceptable limits per IEC 60502-2.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/luliancable.com\/ru\/voltage-drop-medium-voltage-feeder\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MV Feeder Voltage Drop: Worked 11 kV Example | Lulian\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Worked 11 kV example: calculate voltage drop on a medium voltage feeder step by step - 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